Rather Pretentious Stellar Birth: R136 Shows Star Formation like None Before

Astronomers have never seen anything like it. From the magnificence of the image below, it is easy to assume that this star cluster is no ordinary one (but, was there ever a regular or ordinary stellar cluster!?). The stars that comprise such a one are extremely massive giants, which are proposed to become supernovae in the next million years, yet are situated so close to the earth; everything about the image and its features speak of pretentiousness far beyond the way we know of it today. After all, look at its definition (thanks to Collins English Dictionary): "having or creating a deceptive outer appearance of great worth; ostentatious." Although this image and its contents on the surface may seem like another of Hubble's masterpieces, it too has its own story.

RMC 136 is a unique cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud, particularity in the 30 Doradus Nebula. The imaging Hubble used to capture this moment in space history was incredible and has benefited astronomers on account of the close proximity the cluster is to our planet. Because the cluster is only 1-2 million light years away, Hubble can resolve each individual star, allowing the study of stellar evolution (how the stars formed) clearer, as this topic is not that well understood so far. Hubble has scored again!

If you would care to view this cluster on your own, it is possible. Although the cluster is approximately 9.5 magnitude (which means a telescope is definitely required in viewing it) it is at these coordinates of RA and Dec: (05^h 38^m 42.396^s, -69° 06′ 03.36″) What is Right Ascension and Declination? [Image Below from Wikisky] The black box below shows the location of the object in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

ESO's VLT Finds a Brilliant but Solitary Superstar

An extraordinarily bright isolated star has been found in a nearby galaxy — the star is three million times brighter than the Sun. All previous similar “superstars” were found in star clusters, but this brilliant beacon shines in solitary splendour. The origin of this star is mysterious: did it form in isolation or was it ejected from a cluster? Either option challenges astronomers’ understanding of star formation.

An international team of astronomers [1] has used ESO’s Very Large Telescope to carefully study the star VFTS 682 [2] in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a small neighbouring galaxy to the Milky Way. By analysing the star’s light, using the FLAMES instrument on the VLT, they have found that it is about 150 times the mass of the Sun. Stars like these have so far only been found in the crowded centres of star clusters, but VFTS 682 lies on its own.

“We were very surprised to find such a massive star on its own, and not in a rich star cluster,” notes Joachim Bestenlehner, the lead author of the new study and a student at Armagh Observatory in Northern Ireland. “Its origin is mysterious.”

This star was spotted earlier in a survey of the most brilliant stars in and around the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It lies in a stellar nursery: a huge region of gas, dust and young stars that is the most active star-forming region in the Local Group of galaxies [3]. At first glance VFTS 682 was thought to be hot, young and bright, but unremarkable. But the new study using the VLT has found that much of the star’s energy is being absorbed and scattered by dust clouds before it gets to Earth — it is actually more luminous than previously thought and among the brightest stars known.

Red and infrared light emitted by the star can get through the dust, but the shorter-wavelength blue and green light is scattered more and lost. As a result the star appears reddish, although if the view were unobstructed it would shine a brilliant blue-white.

As well as being very bright, VFTS 682 is also very hot, with a surface temperature of about 50 000 degrees Celsius [4]. Stars with these unusual properties may end their short lives not just as a supernova, as is normal for high-mass stars, but just possibly as an even more dramatic long-duration gamma-ray burst [5], the brightest explosions in the Universe.

Although VFTS 682 seems to now be alone it is not very far away from the very rich star cluster RMC 136 (often called just R 136), which contains several similar “superstars” (eso1030) [6].

“The new results show that VFTS 682 is a near identical twin of one of the brightest superstars at the heart of the R 136 star cluster,” adds Paco Najarro, another member of the team from CAB (INTA-CSIC, Spain).

Is it possible that VFTS 682 formed there and was ejected? Such “runaway stars” are known, but all are much smaller than VFTS 682 and it would be interesting to see how such a heavy star could be thrown from the cluster by gravitational interactions.

“It seems to be easier to form the biggest and brightest stars in rich star clusters,” adds Jorick Vink, another member of the team. “And although it may be possible, it is harder to understand how these brilliant beacons could form on their own. This makes VFTS 682 a really fascinating object.”

Notes

[1] The VFTS 682 analysis was led by Jorick Vink, Götz Gräfener and Joachim Bestenlehner from the Armagh Observatory,

[2] The name VFTS is short for VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey, an ESO Large Programme led by Christopher Evans of the UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Edinburgh, UK.

[3] The Local Group is a small group of galaxies that includes the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies, as well as the Magellanic Clouds and many smaller galaxies.

[4] For comparison the surface temperature of the Sun is about 5500 degrees Celsius.

[5] Gamma-ray bursts are among the most energetic events in the Universe and the high energy radiation that they produce can be detected by orbiting space craft. Gamma-ray bursts lasting longer than two seconds are referred to as long bursts and those with a shorter duration are known as short bursts. Long bursts are associated with the supernova explosions of massive young stars in star-forming galaxies. Short bursts are not well understood, but are thought to originate from the merger of two compact objects such as neutron stars.

[6] If VFTS 682 is at the same distance from the Earth as R 136 then it lies about 90 light-years from the centre of the cluster. If the distances are significantly different then the separation could be much greater.

If you would like to view a video of this star-cluster, please make sure to see it here!

[AstronomicalEventsCalendar did not write any part of this article. Credit: ESO, you can find this article online here: http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1117/]

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You may ask why AstronomicalEvents puts ESO's articles on their blog? I do this because ESO's articles are always well-written and I can't compete with that. ESO is one of my most favorite astronomical research centers.